Habitus

it is a shrub 2 - 4 m high with an irregular crown
bark is reddish-brown to grey-brown
bork is grey-brown, reticulately cracked longitudinally

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - bork

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - bark

Buds

buds are opposite, terminal ones are often paired
flowery ones are spherical, short-stalked, about 1 cm large
leaves are elongated-ovate, pointed, sessile
covering scales are often bicolored - green at the base, reddish-purple at the top

Shoots

shoots are relatively thick, straight, grey-brown
lenticels are oblong, convex
stem is large, rusty

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - stem

Leaves (assimilation organs)

the leaves are oddly pinnately compound, 15 - 30 cm long
they are composed of 1 - 3 pairs of individual leaves
the individual leaves are lanceolate to oblong-ovate, long-pointed, roughly serrate along the margin

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - top side

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - underside

Flowers

the tree is monoecious, the flowers are bisexual, greenish-yellow, grouped in hemispherical to conical spike-like panicles
it flowers in IV – V, shortly before or simultaneously with the development of the leaves

Fruits – seeds

the fruit is a spherical, red drupe, about 5 mm in size
it contains 2 - 3 ovoid, brown seeds approximately 2 mm in size
it ripens from July to August

Extension

originally almost in all of Europe up to the Caucasus
in Slovakia, the lower limit of distribution is 500 m above the sea level, the upper limit is approximately 1,300 m above the sea level
it grows mainly in clearings, forest edges and on shrubby slopes

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - on the edge of a forest affected by wind and subsequent bark beetle calamity

Ecology

it is a semi-shade and frost-resistant woody plant
it grows mainly on humus-rich, sufficiently moist soils, but it can also adapt to drier soils

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - on the edge of a dirt road (dry habitat)

Significance

an important pioneer tree, especially currently in large disaster areas
a reclamation tree and fruit-bearing
its yellow-grey and striated-leaf form is used in park greenery

From history

Sambucus racemosa (Red-berried elder) - Unsere Waldbäume, Sträucher und Zwergholzgewächse. Heidelberg, Carl Winter`s Universitätsbuchhandlung

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