the protective scales are two-colored - cinnamon brown at the base, dark brown at the margins
leaf buds are conical, sharply pointed, 4 - 6 x 2 - 3 mm in size
flower buds are broadly oval, 5 - 7 x 4 - 5 mm in size
Shoots
they are light brown to reddish-brown, slightly hairy, later becoming glabrous
the lenticels are light brown and stripe-like
the leaf scar is obliquely (to the side) from the bud
Leaves (assimilation organs)
leaves are simple, pinnate, in basic shape oval, 6 - 15 x 4 - 12 cm large
they are widest ± in the middle, or just above the middle
at the end, they are long-tapered, asymmetric at the base (one side ends heart-shaped, the other wedge-shaped)
young leaves are softly hairy, later darker green and shiny on the top
along the margin, they are doubly serrated, with the tips of the serrations noticeably curved toward the tip
the underside is lighter, softly hairy
the petiole is hairy, 3 - 9 mm long
the leaf blade has 12 - 19 pairs of secondary veins.
Flowers
it is the dioecious tree, flowers are hermaphroditic in loose clusters on thin stems 6 - 20 mm long
it blooms in March – April before the leaves unfold (± about 2 weeks later than other elms)
Fruits – seeds
the fruit is light brown, elliptical, with a rounded winged achene shifted towards the lower - stalk part of the wing
the achene, along with the wing, is 12 - 16 x 8 - 12 mm in size, notched at the top, and fringed along the margin
Extension
it was originally distributed in Central and Eastern Europe
in Slovakia it is found only sporadically (rarely) from the lowest locations (floodplain forests) up to about 630 (1,100) m above the sea level
Ecology
in youth, it can endure strong shading, later it becomes a semi-shaded tree
it requires fertile, sufficiently deep soils, can also withstand floods
it primarily grows in floodplain forests (hardwood floodplain) alongside English oak (Quercus robur), narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), field elm (Ulmus minor), and other hardwood species in the floodplain
